Ulwazi Olungemuva

Ama-antigen amangqamuzana abomvu egazi lomuntu ahlukaniswa abe amasistimu eqembu legazi amaningana ngokuya ngemvelo yawo kanye nokuhlobana kofuzo. Ezinye izinhlobo zegazi azihambisani nezinye izinhlobo zegazi futhi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokusindisa ukuphila kwesiguli ngesikhathi sokumpontshelwa igazi iwukunikeza owamukelayo igazi elifanele elivela kulowo onikelayo. Ukumpontshelwa ngezinhlobo zegazi ezingahambelani kungase kubangele ukusabela kokumpontshelwa kwe-hemolytic okusongela ukuphila. Uhlelo lweqembu legazi le-ABO luwuhlelo lweqembu legazi eliqondisayo elibaluleke kakhulu lokufakelwa isitho somzimba, futhi uhlelo lokuthayipha lweqembu legazi le-Rh lungolunye uhlelo lweqembu legazi elesibili kuphela eqenjini legazi le-ABO ekumpontshelweni komtholampilo. Uhlelo lwe-RhD luyi-antigenic kakhulu kulezi zinhlelo. Ngaphezu kokuhlobene nokumpontshelwa, ukukhulelwa okungahambisani neqembu legazi le-Rh likamama nengane kusengozini yesifo se-hemolytic esanda kuzalwa, futhi ukuhlolwa kweqembu legazi le-ABO ne-Rh kuye kwenziwa isimiso. I-Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) iyiphrotheni yegobolondo langaphandle legciwane lesifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo B futhi ayitheleleki ngokwalo, kodwa ukuba khona kwayo kuvame ukuhambisana nokuba khona kwegciwane lesifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo B, ngakho kuwuphawu lokuthi ungenwe yileli gciwane. igciwane le-hepatitis B. Ingatholakala egazini lesiguli, ematheni, obisini lwebele, emjulukweni, ezinyembezini, ekuphumeni kwe-nasopharyngeal, isidoda kanye nokuphuma kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane. Imiphumela emihle ingalinganiswa ku-serum ezinyangeni ezi-2 kuya kwezingu-6 ngemva kokutheleleka ngegciwane le-hepatitis B nalapho i-alanine aminotransferase iphakanyisiwe emasontweni amabili kuya kwangu-8 ngaphambili. Iziguli eziningi ezine-hepatitis B eyingozi zizophenduka zibe zimbi ekuqaleni kwalesi sifo, kuyilapho iziguli ezine-hepatitis B engapheli zingase ziqhubeke zinemiphumela emihle yale nkomba. I-Syphilis yisifo esithathelwanayo esingapheli esibangelwa i-treponema pallidum spirochete, esisakazwa ngokuyinhloko ngokuthintana nocansi ngokuqondile. I-tp ingadluliselwa esizukulwaneni esilandelayo nge-placenta, okuholela ekuzalweni kwezingane, ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kanye nezinsana ezizalwa ngogcunsula. isikhathi sokufukamela se-tp yizinsuku ezingu-9-90, nesilinganiso samasonto amathathu. Ukugula kuvame ukuvela emavikini angu-2-4 ngemva kokutheleleka ngogcunsula. Ezifweni ezivamile, i-TP-IgM ingatholwa kuqala futhi inyamalale ngemva kokwelashwa okuphumelelayo, kuyilapho i-TP-IgG ingatholwa ngemva kokuvela kwe-IgM futhi ingaba khona isikhathi eside. ukutholakala kokutheleleka kwe-TP kusengenye yezisekelo zokuxilongwa komtholampilo kuze kube manje. ukutholwa kwamasosha omzimba e-TP kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukudluliswa kwe-TP kanye nokwelashwa ngamasosha omzimba e-TP.
I-AIDS, isho ukuthi i-Acquired lmmuno Deficiency Syndrame, isifo esithathelwanayo esingalapheki nesibulalayo esibangelwa igciwane lesandulela ngculazi (human immunodeficiency virus) (HIV), elisakazwa ikakhulukazi ngocansi nokwabelana ngemijovo, nangokudluliselana kumama kuye enganeni nangegazi. ukudluliswa. Ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukudluliswa kwe-HIV kanye nokwelashwa kwamasosha omzimba e-HIV. I-viral hepatitis C, ebizwa ngokuthi i-hepatitis C, i-hepatitis C, isifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo C esibangelwa ukutheleleka ngegciwane le-hepatitis C (HCV), esisakazwa kakhulu ngokumpontshelwa igazi, inaliti, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, njll. Ngokusho kwe-World Health Organization, umhlaba wonke Izinga lokutheleleka nge-HCV lilinganiselwa ku-3%, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-180 batheleleka nge-HCV, kanye namacala amasha angaba ngu-35,000 e-hepatitis C unyaka ngamunye. I-Hepatitis C igcwele umhlaba wonke futhi ingaholela ekuvuvukeni okungapheli kanye ne-fibrosis yesibindi, futhi ezinye iziguli zingaba ne-cirrhosis noma i-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ukufa okuhlobene nokutheleleka kwe-HCV (ukufa ngenxa yokwehluleka kwesibindi kanye ne-hepato-cellular carcinoma) kuzoqhubeka kwanda eminyakeni engu-20 ezayo, kubeka engcupheni enkulu empilweni nasezimpilweni zeziguli, futhi sekuyinkinga enkulu yezenhlalo neyomphakathi. Ukutholwa kwamasosha omzimba egciwane le-hepatitis C njengophawu olubalulekile lwesifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo C sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziswa ukubaluleka kokuhlolwa komtholampilo futhi okwamanje kungenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlonza i-hepatitis C.