Ulwazi Olungasemva

Ii-antigens zeeseli ezibomvu zegazi lomntu zihlelwa kwiinkqubo ezininzi zeqela legazi ngokwendalo yazo kunye nokubaluleka kofuzo. Ezinye iindidi zegazi azihambelani nezinye iindidi zegazi yaye ekuphela kwendlela yokusindisa ubomi besigulana ngexesha lotofelo-gazi kukunika lowo ulinikwayo igazi elifanelekileyo elivela kulowo ulinikelayo. Utofelo-gazi oluneendidi zegazi ezingahambelaniyo lunokubangela ukusabela kotofelo-gazi olusongela ubomi. Inkqubo yeqela legazi le-ABO yeyona nkqubo ibalulekileyo yeqela legazi elikhokelayo kwikliniki yokufakelwa kwamalungu, kwaye inkqubo yokuchwetheza yeqela legazi le-Rh yenye inkqubo yeqela legazi yesibini kuphela kwiqela legazi le-ABO kutofelo-gazi lwezonyango. Inkqubo ye-RhD yeyona antigenic kwezi nkqubo. Ukongezelela kwinto enokuthanani notofelo-gazi, ukukhulelwa okungavisisaniyo kweqela legazi le-Rh likamama nomntwana kusengozini yokuba nesifo se-hemolytic esandul’ ukuzalwa, yaye ukuhlolwa kwamaqela egazi i-ABO neRh kuye kwenziwa into eqhelekileyo. IHepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) yiproteni yeqokobhe langaphandle lentsholongwane yeHepatitis B kwaye ayosuleli ngokwayo, kodwa ubukho bayo buhlala bukhatshwa bubukho bentsholongwane ye-hepatitis B, ngoko luphawu lokuba wosulelwe yintsholongwane. intsholongwane ye-hepatitis B. Inokufumaneka kwigazi lesigulana, ematheni, kubisi lwebele, ukubila, iinyembezi, incindi yenasopharyngeal, amadlozi kunye nencindi yelungu lobufazi. Iziphumo ezintle zinokulinganiswa kwi-serum ye-2 kwiinyanga ze-6 emva kokusuleleka kwintsholongwane ye-hepatitis B kwaye xa i-alanine aminotransferase iphakanyisiwe kwii-2 kwiiveki ze-8 ngaphambili. Uninzi lwezigulana ezine-hepatitis B ezibukhali ziya kuba zibi ekuqaleni kwesi sifo, ngelixa izigulane ezine-hepatitis B ezingapheliyo zinokuqhubeka zineziphumo ezilungileyo kwesi salathisi. I-Syphilis sisifo esosulelayo esingapheliyo esibangelwa yi-treponema pallidum spirochete, esasazwa ngokuyinhloko ngoqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo lwezesondo. I-tp inokosulela kwisizukulwana esilandelayo nge-placenta, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubelekeni, ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwexesha, kunye neentsana ezizalwa yi-syphilitic. ixesha lokufukamela kwi-tp yi-9-90 iintsuku, kunye nomyinge weeveki ezi-3. Ukugula kudla ngokuba ziiveki ezi-2-4 emva kosulelo lwegcushuwa. Kwizifo eziqhelekileyo, i-TP-IgM inokubonwa kuqala kwaye ilahleke emva kokunyanga okusebenzayo, ngelixa i-TP-IgG inokufunyanwa emva kokubonakala kwe-IgM kwaye ingaba khona ixesha elide. ukufumanisa usulelo lwe-TP luhlala lusesinye seziseko zokuxilongwa kweklinikhi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. ukufunyanwa kwe-antibodies ye-TP kubalulekile ekuthinteleni ukusasazwa kwe-TP kunye nonyango nge-antibodies ze-TP.
I-AIDS, imfutshane ye-Acquired lmmuno Deficiency Syndrame, sisifo esosulelayo esinganyangekiyo nesibulalayo esibangelwa yintsholongwane kaGawulayo (human immunodeficiency virus) (HIV), esosulela ubukhulu becala ngokwabelana ngesondo kunye nokwabelana ngeesirinji, ngokunjalo nangosulelo olusuka kumama lusiya emntwaneni kunye negazi. usulelo. Uvavanyo lwe-antibody ye-HIV lubalulekile kuthintelo losulelo lwe-HIV kunye nonyango lwe-antibodies ye-HIV. I-Viral hepatitis C, ekubhekiselwa kuyo njenge-hepatitis C, i-hepatitis C, yintsholongwane ye-hepatitis C ebangelwa yintsholongwane ye-hepatitis C (HCV), isasazeka ngokutofelwa igazi, intonga yenaliti, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, njl. Izinga losulelo lwe-HCV limalunga ne-3%, kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga ne-180 yezigidi zabantu bosulelwe yi-HCV, malunga nama-35,000 amatyala amatsha e-hepatitis C ngonyaka. I-Hepatitis C ixhaphake kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye inokukhokelela kwi-necrosis evuthayo engapheliyo kunye ne-fibrosis yesibindi, kwaye ezinye izigulana zinokuhlakulela i-cirrhosis okanye i-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ukufa okuhambelana nokusuleleka kwe-HCV (ukufa ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kwesibindi kunye ne-hepato-cellular carcinoma) kuya kuqhubeka nokunyuka kwiminyaka eyi-20 ezayo, kubeka umngcipheko omkhulu kwimpilo nakwimpilo yezigulane, kwaye ibe yingxaki enkulu yentlalo yoluntu kunye noluntu. Ukufunyaniswa kwezilwa-buhlungu zentsholongwane ye-hepatitis C njengophawu olubalulekileyo lwe-hepatitis C kudala kuxatyiswa luvavanyo lweklinikhi kwaye ngoku sesinye sezona zixhobo zibalulekileyo zokuxilonga i-hepatitis C.