Chidziwitso Choyambira

Ma antigen a maselo ofiira a m'magazi a anthu amagawidwa m'magulu angapo a magazi malinga ndi chikhalidwe chawo komanso chibadwa chawo. Mitundu ina ya magazi imasemphana ndi mitundu ina ya magazi ndipo njira yokhayo yopulumutsira moyo wa wodwala panthawi yoikidwa magazi ndiyo kupatsa wolandira magazi oyenera kuchokera kwa wopereka magaziwo. Kuthiridwa mwazi ndi mitundu yosagwirizana kungapangitse moyo wowopsa wa kuikidwa magazi a hemolytic. Dongosolo la gulu la magazi la ABO ndilofunika kwambiri pachipatala chotsogolera gulu la magazi pakuika chiwalo, ndipo kachitidwe ka gulu la Rh magazi ndi dongosolo lina la gulu la magazi lachiwiri kwa gulu la magazi la ABO pakuikidwa kwachipatala. RhD system ndi antigenic kwambiri pa machitidwe awa. Kuphatikiza pa kuikidwa magazi, oyembekezera omwe ali ndi vuto losagwirizana ndi gulu la magazi la mayi ndi mwana ali pachiwopsezo cha matenda a hemolytic akhanda, ndipo kuyezetsa magazi kwa ABO ndi Rh kwapangidwa chizolowezi. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) ndi puloteni yakunja ya chipolopolo cha kachilombo ka hepatitis B ndipo sichimapatsirana payokha, koma kupezeka kwake nthawi zambiri kumatsagana ndi kukhalapo kwa kachilombo ka hepatitis B, kotero ndi chizindikiro chakuti watenga kachilomboka. kachilombo ka hepatitis B. Amapezeka m'magazi a wodwala, m'malovu, mkaka wa m'mawere, thukuta, misozi, kutuluka kwa nasopharyngeal, umuna ndi ukazi. Zotsatira zabwino zimatha kuyeza mu seramu pakatha miyezi 2 mpaka 6 mutatenga kachilombo ka hepatitis B komanso pamene alanine aminotransferase imakwezedwa 2 mpaka 8 milungu isanachitike. Odwala ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda a chiwindi a B amatha kukhala opanda vuto kumayambiriro kwa matendawa, pamene odwala matenda a chiwindi a B akhoza kupitiriza kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pa chizindikiro ichi. Chindoko ndi matenda opatsirana omwe amayamba chifukwa cha treponema pallidum spirochete, yomwe imafalitsidwa makamaka kudzera mu kugonana kwachindunji. tp imathanso kufalikira ku m'badwo wotsatira kudzera mu thumba la mphuno, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti amayi azibereka, kubadwa msanga, ndi makanda obadwa nawo omwe ali ndi chindoko. makulitsidwe nthawi ya tp ndi 9-90 masiku, ndi avareji 3 milungu. Kudwala nthawi zambiri 2-4 milungu chindoko matenda. Mu matenda odziwika bwino, TP-IgM imatha kudziwika koyamba ndikutha pambuyo pa chithandizo chamankhwala, pomwe TP-IgG imatha kudziwika pambuyo powonekera kwa IgM ndipo imatha kukhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali. kuzindikirika kwa matenda a TP kumakhalabe chimodzi mwazinthu zozindikirira matenda mpaka pano. Kuzindikira ma antibodies a TP ndikofunikira popewa kufala kwa TP ndi kuchiza ndi ma antibodies a TP.
AIDS, m’chidule cha Acquired lmmuno Deficiency Syndrame, ndi nthenda yopatsirana yosatha ndi yoopsa yoyambitsidwa ndi kachilombo ka HIV (HIV), imene imafalikira makamaka mwa kugonana ndi kugawana majakisoni, komanso kudzera mwa kupatsirana magazi kuchokera kwa mayi kupita kwa mwana ndi magazi. kufala. Kuyeza ma antibodies ndi kofunika popewa kufala kwa kachirombo ka HIV komanso kuchiza ma antibodies. Matenda a chiwindi C, omwe amatchedwa hepatitis C, hepatitis C, ndi matenda a chiwindi a hepatitis C (HCV), omwe amafalitsidwa makamaka kudzera m'magazi, ndodo ya singano, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi zina zotero. Chiwopsezo cha matenda a HCV ndi pafupifupi 3%, ndipo akuti pafupifupi anthu 180 miliyoni ali ndi kachilombo ka HCV, ndipo pafupifupi 35,000 amadwala matenda a chiwindi C chaka chilichonse. Matenda a chiwindi C ndi ofala padziko lonse lapansi ndipo amatha kuyambitsa kutupa kosalekeza kwa necrosis ndi fibrosis m'chiwindi, ndipo odwala ena amatha kukhala ndi cirrhosis kapena hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Imfa yokhudzana ndi matenda a HCV (imfa chifukwa cha kulephera kwa chiwindi ndi hepato-cellular carcinoma) idzapitirira kuwonjezeka pazaka zotsatira za 20, ndikuyika chiopsezo chachikulu ku thanzi ndi moyo wa odwala, ndipo yakhala vuto lalikulu la chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi anthu. Kuzindikira kwa ma antibodies a hepatitis C ngati chizindikiro chofunikira cha matenda a hepatitis C kwakhala kofunikira kwa nthawi yayitali pakuwunika kwachipatala ndipo pakadali pano ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zowunikira matenda a hepatitis C.