Cold no just a cold?

Generally speaking, symptoms such as fever, runny nose, sore throat, and nasal congestion are collectively referred to as “colds.” These symptoms may originate from different causes and are not exactly the same as a cold. Strictly speaking, the cold is the most common upper respiratory tract infection. The main pathogens include rhinovirus (RV), coronavirus, influenza and parainfluenza virus. In short, a cold is defined as a disease that is limited to the upper respiratory tract and is dominated by viral infection. Other new respiratory viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2o and delta mutant strains, can also be the cause of colds. Infections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), enterovirus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae can also cause cold-like symptoms.

What clinical manifestations can be used for differential diagnosis?

The 2023 edition of the “Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of the Common Cold in Adults” states that acute onset of sore throat, nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, cough, chills, fever, headache and muscle aches are symptoms of nasal congestion and runny nose. Outstanding, it is recommended to consider cold diagnosis and make differential diagnosis with other diseases that can cause nasal congestion and runny nose, such as allergic rhinitis, bacterial sinusitis, influenza (flu) and COVID-19.

All in all, when “cold”-related symptoms appear, viral infection needs to be suspected during a viral epidemic, cluster onset, or related exposure. When coughing yellow sputum, white blood cell, neutrophil count or procalcitonin increases, bacterial or combined bacterial infection should be considered.

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