Bone marrow cells were obtained by flushing the femurs from miR-155−/− and WT mice, and bone marrow–derived macrophages (BMDMs) were prepared. Macrophage polarization was obtained by removing the culture medium and culturing cells for an additional 48h in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5% FCS and 100 ng/ml LPS plus 20 ng/ml IFN-γ (for M1 polarization) or 20 ng/ml IL-4 (for M2 polarization). Then M1 and M2 macrophage–associated markers were analyzed, respectively (A–D) for M1, (E–G) for M2). (A) TNF-α and (B) IL-12 in the supernatant were assayed by ELISA. (C) The levels of NOS2 were determined by real-time PCR. (D) The surface levels of MHCII and CD16/32 were determined by FACS. (E) Arg1, FIZZ1, and YM-1 were determined by real-time PCR. (F) The surface levels of CD206 and CD301 were determined by FACS. (G) BMDMs from miR-155−/− and WT mice were stimulated with IL-4 and collected after 30 min, 1 hour and 2 hour and subjected to Western blotting. Cells lysates were used to determine total STAT6 and p-STAT6 levels normalized against β-actin. Experiments were repeated three times in triplicate with 8 mice per group. Bar graph data are presented as mean ± SD; *P < 0.05 and ***P < 0.001 as compared with WT.

Growing up on the un-decosntrcuted and un-examined immoral Biblical myth of Joshua committing genocide in Canaan; growing up without asking any questions about who died and how many, and what was done, so that the Jewish people can survive, doesn’t lend itself to the development of universal values. It took me a long long time to wake up to the meaning of it all.

Measurement by mass spectrometry of 200 blood metabolites reveals that individuals who are more fit respond more effectively to exercise, as shown by larger exercise-induced increase in glycerol.

Schulze, P. C. et al. Vitamin D-3-upregulated protein-1 (VDUP-1) regulates redox-dependent vascular smooth muscle cell profiferation through interaction with thioredoxin. Circ Res. 91, 689–695 (2002).

Kim, J. S. et al. Antitumor effect of skin of Venenum Bufonis in a NCI-H460 tumor regression model. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 3, 181–187 (2010).

© 2017 American College of Chest Physicians Background Cough among patients with lung cancer is a common but often undertreated symptom. We used a 2015 Cochrane systematic review,… [more]

A reliable predictor of benefit from corticosteroid treatment in patients with chronic airflow limitation is needed. In a single-blind, sequential crossover trial of placebo and p… [more]

Fig. S3. Correlation of IgG gp120-specific titers and neutralization breadth to CD4 count, days after diagnosis, viral load, or controller status.

After an initial intraperitoneal injection of urethane (2 g/kg), the right carotid artery was cannulated using an arterial catheter connected with a physiograph through a three-way stopcock. The heart rate and arterial pressure were physiographically monitored through the arterial catheter. Then +dp/dt and −dp/dt were analyzed using the physiograph, and the rate-pressure product (RPP) was calculated as the product of the rate and the mean arterial pressure.

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Hirota, K. et al. Distinct roles of thioredoxin in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 27891–27897 (1999).

Peritoneal macrophages were collected from wild-type, TLR4- and TLR2-deficient mice by peritoneal lavage and incubated with DMEM containing 10% heat-inactivated FCS in 96- or 24-well plates (Falcon, Lincoln Park, NJ, USA) for 90 min to remove non-adherent cells as described previously57. BMMs were isolated from the femurs of wild-type, TLR4- and TLR2-deficient mice and cultured in DMEM containing 20% heat-inactivated FCS, penicillin (100 U/ml), streptomycin sulfate (100 μg/ml) and supplemented with 10 ng/ml recombinant mouse macrophage-CSF (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) for 7 d at 37 °C in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere as described previously57. The purity of both isolated peritoneal macrophages and BMMs was >95%, as confirmed by FACScan analysis of the positive staining for F4/80 Ag with a rat anti-mouse F4/80 Ab (Serotec, Oxford, UK).